MULT - uma nova referência internacional para avaliação nutricional de crianças e adolescentes / MULT - a new international growth reference to assess the nutritional status of children and adolescents

Introdução: A disponibilidade de várias curvas de crescimento propostas por diversas instituições e modeladas com diferentes populações dificulta a adoção de uma referência internacional. Objetivo: Elaborar uma nova referência internacional e comparar seu desempenho com o de outras curvas de referências já existentes. Métodos: Dados sociodemográficos, antropométricos e de composição corporal de participantes com idades entre zero e 23 anos foram coletados dos inquéritos populacionais: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), Porto Alegre, Santos, Young Lives: an International Study of Childhood Poverty (YL), Millennium Cohort Study (MCS), Geração XXI (G21), Epidemiological Health Investigation of Teenagers in Porto (EPITeen) e Estudo Longitudinal de Avaliação Nutricional de Adolescentes (ELANA). A nova referência internacional denominada MULT apresentou curvas de altura, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e índice alométrico de massa corporal (IAMC) para a idade construídas por meio do método LMS e o Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale, and Shape (GAMLSS). A eficiência da referência MULT foi comparada com as das referências internacionais da World Health Organization (WHO), International Task Force Obesity (IOTF) e Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). A precisão diagnóstica das curvas foi realizada por meio da análise de adiposidade corporal e o risco de sobrepeso na pré-adolescência foi estimado a partir da análise da canalização de crescimento de IMC (CC-IMC). Ademais, uma ferramenta para avaliação nutricional baseada nos valores de referência MULT foi elaborada no Microsoft Excel e disponibilizada online. Resultados: Em comparação com as curvas da WHO, IOTF e CDC, as curvas de altura da MULT mostraram meninos mais altos nos períodos de 61-174 e 196-240 meses, e meninas mais altas nos períodos de 61-147 e 181-240 meses, com relação as de IMC, a MULT apresentou os valores médios mais baixos para as idades de 102-240 meses para os meninos e de 114-220 meses para meninas. Já as de IAMC apresentaram as maiores diferenças nas idades de 138-150 meses para meninos e de 114-132 meses para meninas, coincidindo com a puberdade. As curvas de IAMC apresentaram as melhores performances para diagnosticar obesidade a partir da análise da composição corporal (meninos=0,95;IC95%:0,94- 0,95/meninas=0,92; IC95%:0,92-093) e a análise de risco relativo (RR) apontou que crianças eutróficas durante a infância que aumentaram seu CC-IMC em ≥0,67 e <0,86 apresentaram maior probabilidade de estarem com excesso do peso aos 9,5-13,5 anos [IOTFRR= 2,31;IC95%:1,82-2,93/MULT-RR=2,49;IC95%:2,00-3,09/WHO-RR=2,47; IC95%:1,96- 3,12], em comparação com aquelas que permaneceram dentro do seu canal. Conclusão: Para diagnóstico da obesidade, a referência MULT teve um desempenho melhor entre as referências de IMC, enquanto que as curvas de IAMC da MULT apresentaram o melhor desempenho entre todas, sendo a única capaz de detectar que as meninas apresentavam, proporcionalmente, mais massa de gordura do que os meninos para os mesmos valores de índice. Além disso, a análise da canalização apontou que um aumento no CC-IMC ≥0,67DP durante a infância foi associado a um risco de excesso de peso aos 9,5-13,5 anos. Esses resultados apontam que a referência MULT pode ser uma excelente opção para avaliação nutricional de crianças e adolescentes.

Introduction: The availability of several growth references proposed by different institutions and modeled with different populations complicates the adoption of an international growth reference. Objective: To develop a new international reference and compare its performance with other existing growth references. Methods: Sociodemographic, anthropometric, and body composition data from birth to 23 years old were collected from the population surveys: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), Porto Alegre, Santos, Young Lives: an International Study of Childhood Poverty (YL), Millennium Cohort Study (MCS), Generation XXI (G21), Epidemiological Health Investigation of Teenagers in Porto (EPITeen), and Longitudinal Study of Nutritional Assessment of Adolescents (ELANA). A new international reference called MULT was developed, which included height, BMI, and allometric body mass index (ABMI) growth charts. These curves were constructed using the LMS method and the generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS). The efficiency of this reference was compared with the international growth references of the World Health Organization (WHO), International Task Force Obesity (IOTF), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The diagnostic accuracy of the growth references was assessed through the analysis of body adiposity, and the risk of overweight in pre-adolescence was estimated from the analysis of the BMI growth channeling (BMI-GC). In addition, a nutritional assessment tool based on MULT reference values was developed in Microsoft Excel and made available online. Results: In comparison to the WHO, IOTF, and CDC, the MULT height reference showed taller boys during the periods of 61-174 and 196-240 months, and taller girls during the periods of 61-147 and 181-240 months. Regarding the BMI, the MULT presented the lowest mean values for the ages of 102-240 months for boys and for the ages of 114-220 months for girls. The ABMI reference presented the largest differences at ages 138- 150 months for boys and 114-132 months for girls, coinciding with the pubertal stage. The ABMI reference demonstrated the best performance in diagnosing obesity based on body composition analysis (boys=0.95;95%CI:0.94-0.95/girls=0.92;95%CI:0.92-0.93). The analysis of relative risk (RR) indicated that normal weight children who increased their BMI-GC during childhood by ≥0.67 and <0.86 were more likely to be overweight at 9.5-13.5 years [IOTFRR= 2.31; 95% CI: 1.82-2.93/MULT-RR=2.49; 95% CI: 2.00-3.09/WHO-RR=2.47; 95% CI: 1.96-3.12] compared to those who remained within their channel. Conclusion: For diagnosing obesity, the MULT reference performed better among the BMI references, while the ABMI reference showed the best performance overall, being the only one capable of detecting that girls had proportionally higher fat mass (FM) than boys for the same index values. Moreover, the canalization analysis indicated that an increase in BMI-GC ≥0.67 during childhood was associated with a significantly higher risk of overweight at 9.5-13.5 years. These results suggest that the MULT reference can be an excellent option to assess the nutritional status of children and adolescents.

The bone densitometry is normal in Turner syndrome prepubertal patients after height age correction / A densitometria óssea é normal em pacientes pré-púberes com síndrome de turner quando corrigida pela idade estatura

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the bone mass in prepubertal patients with Turner Syndrome (TS) according to height age (HA) and verify the influence of karyotype and adiposity. Methods: retrospective and analytical study of prepubertal TS patients. The variables analyzed were: karyotype, age at bone densitometry (BD), height, body mass index (BMI) and BD result. The result of the BD was corrected using HA. BMI and BD were calculated on Z score for chronological age (CA) and for HA. Results: thirty-seven prepubertal patients were selected and after exclusion criteria, 13 cases between 10 and 13 years old were included in the study. The BD for HA was significantly higher than for CA (0.39 ± 1.18 x −1.62 ± 1.32), without karyotype (p=0.369) and BMI (p=0.697) influence. Conclusion: prepubertal TS patients present normal BD when corrected for HA, without influence of karyotype and BMI.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a massa óssea de pacientes pré-púberes com Síndrome de Turner (ST) de acordo com a idade estatura (IE) e verificar a influência do cariótipo e da adiposidade. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo e analítico de pacientes pré-púberes com ST. As variáveis analisadas foram: cariótipo, idade na realização da densitometria óssea (DO); estatura, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e resultado da DO. Realizou-se a correção do resultado da DO utilizando a IE. O IMC e a DO foram calculados em Z score para idade cronológica (IC) e para IE. Resultados: foram selecionadas 37 pacientes pré-púberes e após critério de exclusão foram incluídas no estudo 13 casos entre 10 e 13 anos de idade. A DO para IE foi significativamente maior que para IC (0,39 ± 1,18 × −1,62 ± 1,32), sem influência do cariótipo (p=0,369) e do IMC (p=0,697). Conclusão: pacientes pré-púberes com ST apresentam DO normal quando corrigida para IE, sem influência do cariótipo e do IMC.

Maternal overweight and its relation with child's anthropometric indices / Excesso de peso materno e sua relação com os índices antropométricos infantis

Abstract Objectives: to investigate the relation between maternal overweight and child's anthropometric indices, identifying the interaction with the child's age. Methods: a cross-sectional study with mothers and their children under 2 years old. The mothers' body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio was calculated. In children, we calculated height/age (H/A), body mass index/age (BMI/A), weight/height (W/H) and weight/age (W/A) indices. The means of the anthropometric indices of children with excess weight and maternal cardiometabolic risk were compared. Mothers and children's anthropometric indices were correlated. Linear regression models were proposed. We investigated the child's age interaction with anthropometric variables of the dyad. Results: the means of BMI/A and W/H were higher in children of overweight mothers and the means of BMI/A, W/H and W/A were higher when mothers had increased risk for cardiometabolic diseases. There was an association of maternal weight and height with the W/A index; maternal BMI with W/H; maternal height with H/A; maternal weight, BMI and waist circumference with BMI/A. The children's age did not interact with the assessed parameters. Conclusion: children under 2 years of age, whose mothers are overweight, tend to show changes in weight, regardless of age.

Resumo Objetivos: investigar a relação do excesso de peso materno com índices antropométricosinfantis, identificando a interação da idade da criança. Métodos: estudo transversal com mães e seus filhos menores de 2 anos. Calculou-se o índice de massa corporal (IMC), relação cintura quadril e relação cintura estaturadas mães. Nas crianças, calculou-se os índices estatura/idade (E/I), índice de massa corporal/idade (IMC/I), peso/estatura (P/E) e peso/idade (P/I). Comparou-se as médias dos índices antropométricos das crianças com excesso de peso e risco cardiometabólico materno. Correlacionou-se índices antropométricos infantis e maternos. Modelos de regressão linear foram propostos. Foi investigada interação da idade da criança com variáveis antropométricas da díade. Resultados: as médias do IMC/I e P/E foram maiores em filhos de mães com excesso de peso e as médias do IMC/I, P/E e P/I foram maiores quando mães apresentaram risco aumentado para doenças cardiometabólicas. Verificou-se associação do peso e estatura materna com o índice P/I; do IMC materno com P/E; da estatura materna com E/I; do peso, IMC e perímetro da cintura materna com IMC/I. A idade das crianças não interagiu com os parâmetros avaliados. Conclusão: crianças menores de 2 anos, cujas mães têm excesso de peso, tendem a apresentar alteração no peso, independente da idade.

Prevalence of double burden on malnutrition at household level in four Latin America countries / Prevalência de dupla carga de má nutrição em nível domiciliar em quatro países da América Latina

Abstract Objectives: to estimate the prevalence of maternal overweight and short stature in children at household level in Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia and Peru. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study. Population-based studies on children (0-5 years old) and women (15 to 49 years old) who participated in the Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher(National Survey on Children and Women Demography and Health) in Brazil and the Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud, (National Survey on Demography and Health), in Bolivia, Colombia and Peru. Variables of interest: overweight mother and child with short stature, a double burden when both outcomes are present. Global prevalence and stratification, according to rural and urban areas and 95% confidence intervals, were estimated. Results: the global sample consisted of 26,506 households. The prevalence of double burden was 9.3% in Bolivia (CI95%= 8.3-10.4), 6.7% in Peru (CI95%=5.9-7.5), Colombia (3.2%; CI95%=2.8-3.6) and Brazil (2.2%; CI95%=1.4-3.2). The highest prevalence were observed in the rural areas in Bolivia (13% vs 6.5%; p<0.001) and Peru (11.9% vs 4.1%; p<0.001). Conclusions: the highest prevalence were registered in Peru and Bolivia, and the lowest in Brazil and Colombia.

Resumo Objetivos: estimar a prevalência de excesso de peso materno e baixa estatura infantil em nível domiciliar no Brasil, Bolívia, Colômbia e Peru. Métodos: estudo descritivo transversal. Utilizou-se estudos de base populacional de crianças (0-5 anos) e mulheres (15 a 49 anos) que participaram da Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher, no Brasil, e da Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud, na Bolívia, Colômbia e Peru. Variáveis de interesse: mãe com excesso de peso e filho com baixa estatura, sendo dupla carga quando presentes ambos os desfechos. Foi estimada a prevalência global e estratificada por área rural e urbana e os intervalos de confiança de 95%. Resultados: a amostra global foi composta de 26.506 domicílios. As prevalências de dupla carga foram na Bolívia 9,3% (IC95%= 8,3 - 10,4), no Peru 6,7% (IC95%= 5,9 - 7,5), Colômbia (3,2%; IC95%= 2,8 - 3,6) e Brasil (2,2%; IC95%= 1,4 - 3,2). As maiores prevalências foram mostradas nas áreas rurais da Bolívia (13% vs 6,5%; p < 0,001) e do Peru (11,9% vs 4,1%; p < 0,001). Conclusões: as mais altas prevalências foram registradas no Peru e Bolívia, e as menores no Brasil e Colômbia.

Efecto del cambio de gráficas de crecimiento de referencia en la prevalencia de talla baja / Effect of changing reference growth charts on the prevalence of short stature

Introducción: La talla baja es motivo de preocupación familiar y constituye una consulta frecuente en pediatría. Para su diagnóstico las gráficas de crecimiento son una herramienta imprescindible. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el impacto del cambio de gráficas de referencia en el diagnóstico de talla baja en nuestra área de salud. Sujetos y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal de base poblacional. Los valores de la talla de los niños y niñas de 4, 6, 10 y 13 años se compararon con las tablas de la Fundación Orbegozo 2004 Longitudinal y 2011. Se calcularon las prevalencias de talla baja y el percentil 3 de la muestra del estudio para realizar las comparaciones. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 12.256 registros válidos (89% de la población). La prevalencia de talla baja aumentó en todas las edades con el cambio de las gráficas: diferencia de prevalencias del 3,6% (IC95%: 2,8 a 4,5) a los 4 años; 1,8% (IC95%: 1,3 a 2,3) a los 6 años; 2,8% (IC95%: 2,2 a 3,4) a los 10 años y 1,4% (IC95%: 0,8 a 1,9) a los 13 años. En números absolutos, se pasó de 58 diagnósticos de talla baja con las gráficas 2004 (34 niños y 24 niñas) a 352 con las 2011 (155 niños y 197 niñas). Conclusiones: El cambio de referencia ha multiplicado por 6 el número de diagnósticos de talla baja. La patología hallada en los casos diagnosticados con las gráficas 2011 que no se hubieran diagnosticado con las gráficas anteriores nos permitirá evaluar la idoneidad del cambio realizado

Introduction: Short stature is a family concern, and is a common reason for consultations in paediatrics. Growth charts are an essential diagnostic tool. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of changing reference charts in the diagnosis of short stature in a health area. Subjects and methods: A population-based-cross-sectional-descriptive-study was performed in which the height of children of 4, 6, 10 and 13 years-old were compared with the growth charts of the Fundación Orbegozo 2004 Longitudinal and 2011. The prevalence of short stature and the 3 rd percentile of the study sample were calculated. Results: There were 12,256 valid records (89% of the population). The prevalence of short stature increased at all ages with the change in the growth charts, with differences of prevalence of 3.6% (95% CI: 2.8 to 4.5) at 4 years; 1.8% (95% CI: 1.3 to 2.3) at 6 years; 2.8% (95% CI: 2.2 to 3.4) at 10 years, and 1.4% (95% CI: 0.8 to 1.9) at 13 years. In absolute numbers, it went from 58 diagnoses of short stature with the 2004 Longitudinal charts (34 boys and 24 girls) to 352 with the 2011 (155 boys and 197 girls). Conclusions: The change in reference growth charts has increased by 6-fold the number of diagnoses of short stature. The pathological condition found in the cases diagnosed with the 2011 growth charts that had not been diagnosed with the previous charts will allow us to evaluate the suitability of the change

Fatores associados a desfechos nutricionais em mães e crianças da América Latina / Factors associated with nutritional outcomes in mothers and children in Latin America

Nos últimos anos, países da América Latina apresentam em suas populações a coexistência de agravos como a desnutrição infantil e excesso de peso materno, fenômeno denominado dupla carga de desfechos nutricionais. Baixa estatura e excesso de peso têm sido historicamente considerados como desafios independentes que afetam populações distintas e que apresentam determinantes contrastantes. Entretanto, há evidências de que existem fatores que contribuem para ambos os agravos. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar como fatores de risco socioeconômicos e individuais se associam à dupla carga de desfechos nutricionais no binômio mãe-filho no Brasil, Bolívia, Colômbia e Peru. Trata-se de um estudo de delineamento transversal para o qual foram utilizadas bases populacionais: no Brasil, a Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher (PNDS) de 2006; na Bolívia, na Colômbia e no Peru, a Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud, respectivamente nos anos de 2008, 2010 e 2012. Foram avaliadas crianças de 0 a 5 anos e mulheres de 15 a 49 anos. Variável de interesse: mãe com ou sem excesso de peso e filho com ou sem baixa estatura, sendo dupla carga quando presentes ambos os desfechos. Variáveis exposição: condições socioeconômicas, características do domicílio, utilização de serviços de saúde, características maternas e infantis. Foi utilizado modelo de regressão logística multinomial hierarquizado. A prevalência de dupla carga foi de 2,01% no Brasil, 8,84% na Bolívia, 4,10% na Colômbia e 8,00% no Peru. Após os ajustes entre os blocos do nível proximal e pelos níveis hierarquicamente superiores em cada país, foram encontrados os seguintes resultados: diarreia na criança na semana anterior à pesquisa aumentou a chance de dupla carga no Brasil (OR = 4,38). Na Bolívia e no Peru, o aumento no tempo de amamentação aumentou a chance de dupla carga (OR = 1,04 e 1,02, respectivamente). O número de filhos maior que um aumentou a chance de dupla carga em mais de 2 vezes, tanto na Bolívia, como na Colômbia. Na Bolívia, Colômbia e Peru o aumento da estatura materna diminuiu as chances de dupla carga. Na Colômbia e no Peru, o baixo peso ao nascer aumentou a chance de dupla carga em mais de 2 vezes. A prevalência de dupla carga de doenças pode ser considerada indicador de baixo nível socioeconômico e do estágio de transição nutricional. No Brasil e na Colômbia, a prevalência de carga dupla não seria considerada um problema de saúde pública. Peru e Bolívia ainda apresentam prevalências acima de 5%. As estratégias dos serviços e das políticas de saúde devem ser focadas em ambas as formas de má nutrição ao mesmo tempo. Além disso, intervenções, como por meio de programas de transferência de renda e melhorias na educação, saneamento e no acesso e qualidade dos serviços de saúde, devem ser priorizados, principalmente no Peru e Bolívia.

In recent years, Latin America countries experience in their populations the coexistence of child stunting and maternal overweight, a phenomenon called the double burden of malnutrition. Short stature and overweight have historically been considered as independent challenges that affect different populations and that present contrasting determinants. However, there are factors that contribute to both issues. The goal of this study is to indicate the risk factors associated with the double burden of disease dyad mother-child in Brazil, Bolivia, Columbia, and Peru. It is a cross-sectional study in which the following population bases were used: in Brazil the 2006 National Demographic and Health Survey for Children and Women (PNDS), in Bolivia, Colombia and Peru, National Demography and Health Survey, respectively in 2008, 2010 and 2012. Children aged 0 to 5 years and women aged 15 to 49 years were evaluated. Variable of interest: a mother with or without overweight and a child with or without short stature, being double burden when both outcomes are present. Variables exposure: socioeconomic conditions, characteristics of the home and use of health services, maternal and child characteristics. The method of analyzing used was the hierarchical multinomial logistic regression. The prevalence of double burden was 2.01% in Brazil, 8.84% in Bolivia, 4.10% Colombia and 8.00% in Peru. Were adjustments between level 3 blocks and the hierarchically higher levels and they're the results in each country: diarrhea in the child in the week prior to the research increased the chance of double loading in Brazil (OR =4.38). In Bolivia and Peru, the increase in breastfeeding time increased the chance of double loading (OR = 1.04 and 1.02, respectively). The number of children greater than one has increased the chance of double burden in more than 2 times in both Bolivia and Colombia. In Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru the increase in maternal height decreased the chances of double loading. In Colombia, low birth weight increased the chance of double burden in more than 3 times and in Peru, increased almost 5 times the chance. The prevalence of double disease burden can be considered an indicator of low socioeconomic status and nutritional transition stage. In Brazil and Colombia, the prevalence of double burden may be considered low, but Peru and Bolivia prevalence still have above 5%. Health service and policy strategies must address both forms of malnutrition at the same time. In addition, interventions, such as through cash transfer programs and improvements in education, sanitation, access and quality of health services, should be prioritized, especially in Peru and Bolivia.

XVIII Congreso SEINAP. Pequeño para la edad gestacional y tratamiento con hormona de crecimiento / XVIII Congress of SEINAP. Small for gestational age and treatment with growth hormone

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Índice cintura/estatura en niños de 7 a 11 años con alto peso al nacer y su relación con el sexo, la edad y la dieta / Waist-height ratio in children of 7 to 11 years with high weight at birth and its relationship with gender, age and diet

Introducción: La obesidad (OB), considerada como una de las enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles, tiene como características fundamentales la de ser frecuente a nivel global, ser cada vez más creciente, afectar a países desarrollados y en vías de desarrollo, afectar a ambos sexos, y a todas las edades y grupos sociales. Objetivo: Identificar si el alto peso al nacer constituye un factor predictor (factor de riesgo) para la OB abdominal en niños de 7 a 11 años, y su relación con el sexo, la edad y la dieta. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con un diseño de tipo caso-control con los niños nacidos entre enero de 1992 y diciembre de 1995, con el fin de identificar de forma temprana factores de riesgo (aceleradores ateroscleróticos) como la OB abdominal en niños de 7 a 11 años, que tienen antecedentes de macrosomía o alto peso al nacer y su relación con el sexo, la edad y la dieta. Resultados: Observamos que en el grupo de estudio y en el grupo control el valor de cintura/estatura es normal, con un 60,80 y un 64,00%, respectivamente, estando alterado el 39,20% en el grupo de estudio y el 36,00% en el grupo de control, además de presentar una p = 0,6859, no siendo estadísticamente significativo, comportándose de igual manera en ambos grupos, ocurriendo lo mismo con el sexo y la edad. En cuanto a la dieta en el grupo de estudio (macrosómico), no existe asociación significativa entre el tipo de dieta y los valores de circunferencia cintura/estatura, con un χ2 = 0,2223 y una p = 0,6373 (no significativo). En el grupo control (con peso normal al nacer) encontramos que existe asociación estadística significativa entre el tipo de dieta y los valores de circunferencia cintura/estatura. Esto quiere decir que se puede afirmar con un 95% de confiabilidad que el tipo de dieta está asociado con los valores de cintura/estatura. Conclusiones: El alto peso al nacer no constituye un factor predictor (factor de riesgo) para la OB abdominal (aumento del índice cintura/estatura). El sexo y la edad es independiente para la OB abdominal (macrosómico y peso normal al nacer). La dieta en el alto peso al nacer no está relacionada con el índice cintura/estatura, no ocurriendo así con los nacidos con peso normal en iguales condiciones. Preocupante el marcado aumento de la OB abdominal (índice cintura/estatura) en niños entre 7 y 11 años en ambos grupos

Introduction: Obesity (OB), considered as one of the Non-Transmissible Chronic Diseases, has as its fundamental characteristics that of being prevalent at a global level, increasing in number, affecting developed and developing countries, affecting both genders, and all ages and social groups. Objective: To identify if high birth weight is a predictive factor (risk factor) for abdominal obesity in children 7 to 11 years old, and its relationship to gender, age and diet. Method: A case-control descriptive study was carried out with children born between January 1992 and December 1995, in order to identify early risk factors (atherosclerotic accelerators) such as abdominal obesity in children aged 7 to 11, and who have a history of macrosomia or high birth weight, as well as their relationship with gender, age and diet. Results: It was observed that the waist/height value was normal in 60.8% of the study group and in 64.00% in the control group. The difference between groups, gender, and age was not significant (P = .6859). As regards the diet in the study group (macrosomic), there was no significant association between the type of diet and waist circumference/height values, with an χ2 = 0.223 and P = .6373 (not significant). In the control group (with normal weight at birth), it was found that there is a significant statistical association between the type of diet and waist circumference/height values. This means that it can be stated, with 95% reliability, that the type of diet is associated with waist/height values. Conclusions: High birth weight is not a predictive factor (risk factor) for abdominal obesity (increased waist/height index). Gender and age are independent for abdominal obesity (macrosomic and normal weight at birth). The diet in high birth weight children is not related to the index waist-height index, which is not the case in those born with normal weight under the same conditions. The marked increase in abdominal obesity (Waist/height index) in children between 7 and 11 years old in both groups is worrying

Caracterización del Índice de Masa Corporal y Talla para la Edad en adolescentes de la zona andina central del Ecuador / Characterizacion of the Body Mass Index and Height for Age in adolescents in a central Andean area of Ecuador

Introducción: La evaluación del estado nutricional y los patrones de crecimiento en adolescentes ayudan a vislumbrar los hábitos alimenticios y la calidad de vida que ellos llevan. El estándar de peso y estatura en Ecuador para este grupo etario no ha sido bien establecido todavía, por lo que resulta beneficioso evidenciar la información recogida en estudios recientes como el presente. Objetivo: Determinar a través de indicadores nutricionales y medidas antropométricas el estado nutricional de adolescentes de la zona andina central de Ecuador. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio mixto de tipo intencional y corte transversal en diciembre de 2017 en una muestra de 238 hombres y 194 mujeres de 13 a 17 años de edad, pertenecientes a cuatro unidades educativas de la zona andina central de Ecuador. La muestra se estratificó según la edad y el sexo de los sujetos. Los indicadores utilizados fueron: índice de masa corporal (IMC) y talla para la edad. Los datos fueron convertidos a puntuaciones z y analizados. Resultados: En IMC para la edad la prevalencia de riesgo de sobrepeso llega hasta el 30% en ambos grupos, mujeres y hombres. En las categorías de obesidad, emaciados y severamente emaciados los resultados llegan máximo al 10%. Con respecto a talla para la edad, existe un porcentaje mínimo de adolescentes que presenta baja talla, el cual no sobrepasa el 13% en los dos grupos. En baja talla severa se encontró únicamente un 3% en el grupo de mujeres de 17 años. Adicionalmente, se debe resaltar que en ambos grupos se mostró por lo general una tendencia hacia la categoría normal en los indicadores nutricionales. Conclusiones: A pesar de que la gran mayoría de los grupos observados se ubica en un estado nutricional normal, el presente estudio refleja documentadamente la realidad nacional de la doble carga de malnutrición: al coexistir casos de emaciación junto con otros con riesgo de sobrepeso, sobrepeso y obesidad. Resulta necesario tomar acciones que busquen la formación de hábitos alimenticios saludables desde edades tempranas para asegurar un óptimo desarrollo físico y un desempeño escolar adecuado

Introduction: The evaluation of the nutritional status and growth patterns in adolescents help to glimpse the eating habits and the quality of life that they lead. The standard of weight and height in Ecuador for this age group has not been well established yet, so it is useful to show the information collected in recent studies such as the present one. Objective: To determine, through nutritional indicators and anthropometric measures, the nutritional status of adolescents in a central Andean region of Ecuador. Methods: A mixed study of intentional and cross-sectional type was carried out in December 2017 in a sample of 238 men and 194 women from 13 to 17 years old, belonging to four Educational Centers in a central Andean area of Ecuador. The sample was stratified according to the age and sex. The indicators used were: body mass index (BMI) and height for age. The data were converted to z-scores and analyzed. Results: In BMI for age, the prevalence of risk of overweight reaches up to 30% in both groups women and men. In the categories obesity, emaciated and severely emaciated, the results reached a maximum of 10% in each group. In height for age, there is a minimum percentage of adolescents who have low height, which does not exceed 13% in the two groups. In severe short stature, only 3% were found in the group of 17-year-old women. In addition, it should be noted that in both groups there was generally a tendency toward the normal category in the nutritional indicators. Conclusions: Despite the fact that the vast majority of the observed groups is in a normal nutritional state, the present study documented the national reality of the double burden of malnutrition: the coexistence of emaciation cases together with risk of overweight, overweight and obesity cases. It is necessary to take actions that involve healthy eating habits from an early age to ensure optimal physical development and adequate school performance

Baja densidad mineral ósea en artritis idiopática juvenil: prevalencia y factores relacionados / Low bone mineral density in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Prevalence and related factors

Introducción Actualmente se recomienda ajustar por talla el Z-score densidad mineral ósea obtenido mediante absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía en pediatría. No hay estudios en nuestro medio que evalúen la prevalencia de baja densidad mineral ósea para la edad cronológica (BDMOec) en niños con artritis idiopática juvenil (AIJ) siguiendo estas recomendaciones. Objetivos: Estimar la prevalencia de BDMOec en niños con AIJ en nuestro medio y evaluar los factores implicados en su desarrollo. Métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal, en niños caucásicos de 5-16 años con AIJ, en seguimiento por una unidad de reumatología pediátrica entre julio de 2014-julio de 2015. Se recogieron datos antropométricos, clínicos y de tratamiento. Se realizaron absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía, estudio metabólico óseo y encuestas sobre dieta y ejercicio. Resultados: Participaron 92 niños. La estimación de la prevalencia poblacional de BDMOec fue inferior al 5% (IC 95%). En el análisis multivariante el percentil de índice de masa corporal (B: 0,021; p < 0,001) y el índice de masa magra (B: 0,0002; p = 0,012) presentaron relación positiva con el Z-score de DMO ajustado por talla, mientras que el índice de masa grasa (B: -0,0001; p = 0,018) y el propéptido aminoterminal del colágeno tipo i (B: -0,0006; p = 0,036) presentaron correlaciones negativas. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de BDMOec en los niños con AIJ en nuestro medio es baja. Un adecuado estado nutritivo y el predominio de la masa magra sobre la grasa podrían favorecer la adquisición de masa ósea. Aquellos pacientes con AIJ con DMO más baja podrían estar sometidos a un aumento del remodelado óseo (AU)

Introduction: Height adjustment is currently recommended for Z-score bone mineral density (BMD) assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. At present there are no studies that evaluate the prevalence of low BMD in paediatric patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) in Spain following current recommendations. Objectives: To evaluate low BMD in JIA in paediatric patients with JIA in Spain following the latest recommendations, as well as to assess associated factors. Methods: Observational cross-sectional study of Spanish JIA patients from 5 to 16 years-old, followed-up in a Paediatric Rheumatology Unit between July 2014 and July 2015. Anthropometric, clinical and treatment data were recorded. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and bone metabolism parameters were collected, and a completed diet and exercise questionnaire was obtained. Results: A total of 92 children participated. The population prevalence estimation of low BMD was less than 5% (95% CI). A significant positive correlation was found in the multiple linear regression analysis between the body mass index percentile (B: 0.021; P <. 001) and lean mass index (B: 0.0002; P = .012), and BMD Z-score adjusted for height (Z-SAH). A significant negative correlation was found between fat mass index (B: -0.0001; P = .018) and serum type I collagen N-propeptide (B: -0,0006; P = .036) and Z-SAH. Conclusions: Low BMD prevalence in JIA patients in our population is low. An adequate nutritional status and the prevalence of lean over fat mass seem to promote the acquisition of bone mass. Those JIA patients with lower BMD could be subjected to an increase of bone turnover (AU)

Hormona de crecimiento y síndrome de Turner / Human growth hormone and Turner syndrome

OBJETIVO: Evaluación de parámetros clínicos y analíticos que actúen como predictivos de respuesta al tratamiento con hormona de crecimiento (rhGH) a largo plazo en pacientes con síndrome de Turner. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo de 25 niñas diagnosticadas de síndrome de Turner, de las cuales 17 recibieron tratamiento con rhGH y fueron controladas hasta alcanzar la talla adulta. Se determinaron diferentes variables auxológicas, analíticas, genéticas y farmacológicas a lo largo de su seguimiento en dichas consultas. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y analítico mediante regresión lineal, con valoración de la respuesta al tratamiento a corto (12 meses) y a largo plazo. RESULTADOS: Se observó una respuesta favorable a corto plazo valorada en ganancia de velocidad de crecimiento en el 66,6% de los casos (velocidad de crecimiento > 3 cm/año a los 12 meses de tratamiento respecto a la previa). También se evidenció una respuesta favorable a largo plazo, valorada en una ganancia de talla total de 42,82 ± 21,23 cm (1,25 ± 0,76 SDS). Las pacientes ganaron una media de 9,59 ± 5,39 cm (1,68±1,51 SDS) respecto a su pronóstico de crecimiento previo al tratamiento. CONCLUSIONES: El presente estudio evidencia como factores predictivos de buena respuesta al tratamiento con rhGH a largo plazo en orden de importancia: A) dosis de rhGH al inicio del tratamiento, B) tiempo de tratamiento con rhGH hasta inicio de terapia estrogénica, C) incremento en los niveles de IGF1 e IGFBP-3 durante el primer año de tratamiento y D) velocidad de crecimiento en el primer año de tratamiento

OBJECTIVE: The evaluation of clinical and analytical parameters as predictors of the final growth response in Turner syndrome patients treated with growth hormone. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study was performed on 25 girls with Turner syndrome (17 treated with growth hormone), followed-up until adult height. Auxological, analytical, genetic and pharmacological parameters were collected. A descriptive and analytical study was conducted to evaluate short (12 months) and long term response to treatment with growth hormone. RESULTS: A favourable treatment response was shown during the first year of treatment in terms of height velocity gain in 66.6% of cases (height-gain velocity > 3 cm/year). A favourable long-term treatment response was also observed in terms of adult height, which increased by 42.82 ± 21.23 cm (1.25 ± 0.76 SDS), with an adult height gain of 9.59 ± 5.39 cm (1.68 ± 1.51 SDS). CONCLUSIONS: Predictors of good response to growth hormone treatment are: A) initial growth hormone dose, B) time on growth hormone treatment until starting oestrogen therapy, C) increased IGF1 and IGFBP-3 levels in the first year of treatment, and D) height gain velocity in the first year of treatment

Exposición prenatal a metanfetamina «shabú» / Prenatal exposure to metamphetamine «shabu»

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Referencias para dinamometría manual en función de la estatura en edad pediátrica y adolescente / Hand grip dynamometry references by height ranges in pediatric and adolescent age

Antecedentes y objetivo: La dinamometría de la mano es una prueba funcional recomendada en la evaluación nutricional. Suele expresarse en función de la edad pero durante el crecimiento, incluso a la misma edad, varía el tamaño corporal. El objetivo del presente trabajo es aportar referencias de la fuerza de la mano en función de la talla. Sujetos y método: La muestra consta de 1.798 escolares entre 6 y 15 años. Se midió la talla, el peso y la fuerza de ambas manos. La dinamometría media (DM) se expresó en función de la estatura y se obtuvieron ecuaciones predictivas. La estadística descriptiva, comparativa y el análisis de regresión se efectuaron con el SPSS 21.0 Resultados: Se aportan referencias percentilares para la DM por categorías de talla en rangos de 5 cm. Las fórmulas obtenidas a partir del modelo de regresión (varones: DM = 0,207*peso + 0,621*talla - 71,461; mujeres DM=0,258*peso + 0,394*talla - 43,967) fueron validadas con la mitad de la muestra. Conclusiones: Las ecuaciones predictivas que se aportan en este trabajo permiten estimar la DM a partir del peso y la estatura con independencia de la edad (AU)

Background and objectives: Hand grip dynamometry is a functional test recommended in the nutritional assessment. Usually it is expressed in terms of age but during growth even at the same age, body size varies. The aim of this study is to provide references of hand strength depending on the height. Subjects and method: The sample consists of 1,798 students between 6 and 15 years. Height, weight and strength of both hands were measured. The mean dynamometry (MD) was expressed in terms of height and predictive equations were obtained. Descriptive statistics, comparative and regression analysis were performed using SPSS 21.0 Results: Percentile references for MD are provided by height categories in ranges of 5 cm. The obtained formulas from the regression model (males: MD = 0.207 * 0.621 * weight + size - 71.461; females: MD = 0.258 * 0.394 * weight + size - 43.967) were validated in half of the sample. Conclusions: The predictive equations given in this paper allow estimating MD from weight and height independently of age (AU)

Short stature, primary care approach and diagnosis / Talla baja, enfoque de primer nivel y diagnóstico

RESUMEN El siguiente artículo tiene como objetivo principal dar un enfoque de primer nivel a uno de los motivos de consulta más frecuentes en pediatría y medicina general, la talla baja. El número de consultas por talla baja en la infancia es mucho mayor en niños que en niñas, pero la mayoría de las veces las niñas presentan mayor prevalencia de patologías orgánicas y desordenes del crecimiento que los niños. Cuando recibimos a un paciente que consulta por talla baja debemos hacer una serie de preguntas dirigidas y tomar ciertas medidas antropométricas para poder llegar a un diagnóstico correcto. El médico general de primer nivel debe entender el significado de cada una de estas medidas y clasificar al niño en talla baja variante normal o patológica. Luego de esto el niño debe volver a ser clasificado, si se determinó que era variante normal, en talla baja familiar o retardo constitucional del crecimiento y el desarrollo, que constituyen cerca del 80%. MÉD.UIS. 2016;29(3):73-8.

ABSTRACT The following review article main objective seeks to provide an approach from a health care first level institution, of one of the most frequent queries in pediatrics and general medicine, stunted growth. The relation of consults for short stature in children is higher in boys rather than girls, but most of the times girls have more prevalence of organic diseases and growth disturbances than boys. When we receive a patient who complains of short stature, we should ask a series of questions and take some anthropometric measures to classify the child and determine the diagnosis. The first level doctor has to understand the meaning of these measures and determine if the child's short stature is whether pathological or physiological. Then the child has to be classified again, if it is a physiological short stature, he needs to be group into genetic short stature or constitutional delay of growth and development, which constitutes by far the 80% of the cases. MÉD.UIS. 2016;29(3):73-8.

Inducen cambios relevantes en las estimaciones de la talla los nuevos procedimientos de construcción de curvas de crecimiento / Do new procedures for estimating growth curves introduce outstanding changes in height estimates?

Introducción: El uso de curvas de crecimiento para supervisar el desarrollo físico de los niños es esencial en la práctica pediátrica. Las normas cubanas de talla se elaboraron en la década de los 70 siguiendo procedimientos recomendados en ese momento. En los últimos años se han obtenido métodos estadísticos automatizados capaces de modelar correctamente el proceso del crecimiento. La OMS, en su Estudio Multicéntrico, utilizó el método Box-Cox PowerExponential (BCPE). Es importante determinar si introducir este nuevo procedimiento para construir curvas induce modificaciones en los valores de los perpercentiles que habitualmente se estiman. Objetivo: evaluar las discrepancias entre los valores de los perpercentiles estimados por ambos procedimientos. Material y Métodos: se usaron los datos de longitud en decúbito supino y estatura, de sujetos cubanos menores de 20 años medidos en el primer Estudio Nacional de Crecimiento y Desarrollo (ENCD). Se construyeron curvas usando el método BCPE implementado en el paquete GAMLSS de R. Las diferencias se evaluaron comparando los valores de los perpercentiles suavizados obtenidos por ambos métodos.Resultados: los modelos que mejor ajustaron fueron: para la longitud en decúbito supino, sexo femenino NO (GLµ=10;GLϭ=5;edad0.001); sexo masculino NO(GLlµ=14;GLϭ=6;edad0.006); para estatura, sexo femenino NO(GLµ=16;GLϭ=10;edad0.544); sexo masculino NO(GLµ=16;GLϭ=12;edad0.117). Las estimaciones de los perpercentiles de estatura fueron muy similares con ambos procedimientos. En los perpercentiles extremos de la longitud en decúbito supino se detectaron diferencias, debidas muy probablemente a correcciones introducidas en el cómputo de la desviación estándar durante el procesamiento del ENCD. Conclusiones: para la longitud en decúbito supino se detectaron diferencias, no así en la estatura. Se recomienda el uso del procedimiento automatizado pues disminuye considerablemente la carga subjetiva presente en el método anterior(AU)

Introduction: The use of growth curves to monitor physical development in children is essential for pediatric health care. Cuban height charts were created during the seventies decade following technics recommended at that time. In the last years, statistical methods based computational technics have been obtained a better model pattern for growth process. In particular WHO in the Multicenter Growth Study used the Box-Cox Power Exponential (BCPE) method. It is important to determine whether the application of such procedure in drawing curves introduce changes in the percentiles' estimates commonly used. Objective: To evaluate discrepancies between percentiles' estimates from both methods. Material and methods: supine-decubitus length data and height from Cubans under 20 years old from the first National Growth and Development Study (ENCD) were examined. Perpercentiles were estimated viEl método BCPE a the BCPE method implemented in GAMLSS' package supported in R language. Comparison of smoothed percentiles obtained from both procedures were plotted to evaluate discrepancies. Results: The best fitted models were: for female supine-decubitus lengths the NO (DFµ=10;DFϭ=5;age0.001) and NO(DFµ=14;DFϭ=6;age0.006) for male respectively and NO(DFµ=16;DFϭ=10;age0.544) and NO(DFµ=16;DFϭ=12;age0.117) for female and male height. Height percentiles estimates were closely enough using either method. Some differences were detected for length percentiles, possibly due to computational corrections done while calculating standard deviations of ENCD.Conclusions: Some differences were detected for length percentiles estimations but not for the height. The use of computational procedure is recommended because its considerable reduction of the subjective charge as compare with the method used before(AU)

Short stature in retinoblastoma survivors: a cross-sectional study of 138 patients

Purpose: Short stature has been reported in pediatric cancer survivors. Data on retinoblastoma survivors are limited. We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the height in retinoblastoma survivors. Method: The recorded height was compared with median height for age and sex as per the Indian Academy of Pediatrics. Z-score less than -2 was considered short statured. Result: Thirty percent of the survivors were short statured. The mean height was shorter than the mean 50th percentile height (119.7 ± 14.8 vs 128.7 ± 15 cm, p < 0.001). Previous chemotherapy showed a trend toward association (p = 0.09). Conclusion: Short stature affects a significant number of retinoblastoma survivors (AU)

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Polimorfismo GHRD3 del gen del receptor de la hormona de crecimiento en niños peruanos con talla baja idiopática / GHRD3 polymorphism of growth hormone receptor gen in peruvian children with idiopathic short stature

Describir la estandarización de la detección molecular y la frecuencia del polimorfismo de GHRd3 del gen del receptor de la hormona de crecimiento en una población de niños peruanos con talla baja idiopática. Materiales y métodos. Se estudiaron 64 muestras de sangre periférica de pacientes con diagnóstico de talla baja idiopática atendidos en el servicio de endocrinología del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño en Lima, Perú. La amplificación del exón 3 se llevó a cabo empleando los cebadores G1, G2 y G3 optimizándose las condiciones de PCR, como la temperatura de hibridización y las concentraciones de magnesio. Resultados. Se determinó la especificidad de los cebadores a 67 °C y no se obtuvo diferencias entre las concentraciones de magnesio probadas. El 67% de los pacientes fueron homocigotos para GHRfl, 28% fueron heterocigotos y 5% fueron homocigotos para GHRd3. Conclusiones. La técnica permitió establecer los genotipos de los pacientes con talla baja idiopática, determinándose que solo el 5% de ellos presenta el genotipo susceptible de mejor respuesta al tratamiento con rhGH, lo cual puede ser considerado en la decisión de iniciar la terapia...

To describe the standardization of molecular detection and frequency of a growth hormone receptor gene deleted for exon three (GHRd3) polymorphism in a population of Peruvian children with idiopathic short stature. Materials and methods. Peripheral blood samples were used from patients (N=64) who were diagnosed with idiopathic short stature and were treated at the endocrinology unit of the National Institute of Child Health in Peru The amplification of exon 3 was carried out using G1, G2, and G3 primers by optimizing PCR conditions, such as annealing temperature and magnesium concentration. Results. The specificity of primers was maximized at 67 °C and there were no differences between magnesium concentration tests. Two-thirds (67%) of patients were GHRfl homozygous, 28% were heterozygous, and 5% were GHRd3 homozygous. Conclusions. The test was useful in determining the genotypes of patients with idiopathic short stature and revealed that only 5% had a genotype that would respond better to rhGH treatment. Thus, molecular assays may be useful when considering the decision to start drug therapy...

Control de calidad de infantómetros y tallímetros: Documento técnico / Infantometros quality control and measuring boards: Technical document

El documento establece los parámetros técnicos relacionados al control de calidad de equipos antropométricos, utilizados en los establecimientos de salud, el cual orienta al personal de salud que realiza el control de calidad de equipos antropométricos, en la apropiada práctica del control de calidad, que a su vez requieren comprender que lo más importante es la capacitación del personal que realiza la medición del pesos y talla en talleres adecuadamente manejados

Influencia de hábitos saludables en el estado ponderal de niños y adolescentes en edad escolar / The influence of healthy lifestyle habits on weight status in school aged children and adolescents

Introducción: El sobrepeso y la obesidad alcanzan una alta prevalencia entre niños y adolescentes en España. Objetivo: Conocer el grado de influencia de cuatro factores modificables (hábitos alimentarios, práctica de actividad física, sedentarismo y horas de sueño) de forma conjunta sobre el estado ponderal de un colectivo de niños en edad escolar y adolescentes de Madrid. Metodología: 189 escolares, de 6 a 16 años, a los que se les realizó un estudio antropométrico. Para el ejercicio físico se usó el cuestionario IPAQ modificado, estableciéndose un mínimo de una hora de ejercicio al día, como recomendación, y de dos horas al día en el caso del sedentarismo, donde se tuvieron en cuenta las horas de ordenador, consolas y televisión. La calidad del sueño se valoró recogiendo las horas de sueño entre semana, siesta y fin de semana. Estableciendo que los niños en edad escolar deben dormir 10 horas al día. Para la dieta, se utilizó el Índice KidMed, la puntuación que se puede alcanzar de 0 a 12 y se clasifica en 3 categorías, se reagrupo para nuestra medida estadística. Los dos primeros resultados (0-7) como 'no cumple la adherencia' y ≥ 8 valor como 'si cumple la adherencia'. Resultados: El 27,6% de los estudiantes tenían exceso ponderal. Conclusión: No se observaron diferencias significativas al analizar los cuatro factores estudiados frente al estado ponderal, entre los aquellos que cumplían o no cumplían las recomendaciones y el exceso de peso, ni de forma individual ni multifactorialmente (AU)

Introduction: Overweight and obesity has high prevalence in children and adolescents in Spain. Objective: To determine the degree of influence of four modifiable factors (dietary habits, physical activity, sedentary and sleep) jointly on the weight status of a group of school children and adolescents in Madrid. Methods: 189 schoolchildren aged 6 to 16 years, who underwent an anthropometric study. To exercise the IPAQ questionnaire was used, establishing a minimum of one hour of exercise a day, as a recommendation, and two hours per day in case of sedentary, which took into account the hours of computer, consoles and TV. Sleep quality was assessed by collecting sleeping hours weekdays and weekend nap. Stating that school children should sleep 10 hours a day. The KIDMED Index was used for the diet quality, the score can be accessed from 0-12 and classified into 3 categories, it was regrouped for statistical measure. The first two results (0-7) as 'Bad adherence' and ≥ 8 value as 'Good adherence'. Results: 27.6% of students had excess weight. Conclusion: No significant differences were reported analyzing the four factors studied versus weight status among those who keep recommendations and excess weight, either individually or multifactor analysis was observed (AU)